Introduction
Bunpou (文法) is Japanese for grammar: the rules and patterns that build workable Japanese sentences.
That includes particles such as は, が, and を, verb conjugations, sentence frames, polite forms, and the same core work as vocabulary and kanji.
Start with kana, romaji, meaning, particles, or forms like ている and から.
Function, the form that attaches before the pattern, and translated examples on one page.
は with が, から with ので, に with で through examples, not empty definitions.
One or two short checks so the pattern gets used.
Study Paths
If you are preparing for JLPT, pick a clear N5–N1 target. If you are not exam-bound, walk skill levels from beginner to advanced.
Comparisons
What the pattern does in the sentence, not a one-word dictionary gloss.
Which te-form, noun, adjective, or clause sits in front of the pattern.
Japanese lines with translations you can scan fast.
Polite, casual, written, or too blunt for the situation.
Mini questions on the same page.
I-adjectives usually end in い and conjugate directly, as in 高い becoming 高くない. Na-adjectives use な before nouns and often need です or だ at the end of a sentence.
は marks the topic of the sentence, while が often marks a subject being introduced, emphasized, or required by a specific pattern.
に often marks destination, time, existence, or direction. で often marks where an action happens, the tool used, the method, or the setting.
The て form connects actions, supports requests, shows ongoing states, and appears in patterns such as ている, てください, and てもいい.
です makes noun and adjective statements sound polite. だ is its casual counterpart. ます attaches to verbs to make actions sound polite.
から gives a reason directly. ので also gives a reason, often with a softer tone.
は
は
The particle は (pronounced "わ") is the fundamental topic marker in Japanese, used to establish what a sentence is about. It acts like a spotlight, setting the theme so you can provide new information or descriptions about it in the rest of the sentence. Besides introducing general topics, は is also frequently used to emphasize a contrast between two different things or ideas.
が
が
The particle が marks the grammatical subject of a sentence, identifying exactly who or what performs an action or undergoes a change. It is also used to introduce new information into a conversation or to specify a particular subject out of a group. Additionally, が marks the target of predicates that describe states, such as ability, desire, and preference.
から
から
The Japanese particle から serves two distinct functions for beginners. First, it attaches to nouns to mark the starting point of an action in time or space. Second, it attaches to the end of a clause to express a subjective reason or cause for the statement that follows.
～てください
～てください
～てください is the standard polite way to ask someone to do something. It attaches to the te-form of an action verb. While polite, it carries a slight instructive tone, making it common for everyday requests, classroom instructions, and directions.
～ている
～ている
The verb ending ～ている is one of the most important patterns in Japanese, used to describe an action that is currently happening or a state that remains after a change. Because its meaning depends on the type of verb it attaches to, it translates to "is doing" for ongoing actions and "is in a state of" for resulting conditions. It is also the standard way to talk about occupations, long-term habits, and personal states like knowing or living somewhere.
～べき
～べき
The Japanese grammar form べき expresses that someone should or ought to do something based on common sense, moral duty, or general expectations. It is often used to state universal judgments or give strong recommendations that go beyond simple personal advice. When followed by a past-tense copula, べき expresses regret over a past choice.